Stem Cell Research - 1149 Words

In recent years, there has been an explosion of interest in stem cells, not just within the scientific and medical communities but also among politicians, religious groups and ethicists,3 Fiona Watt argued. Although overhearing debates and controversy regarding stem cells on the news, television or conversation is common, many aren’t aware of what the big debate is about or what stem cells truly are. The major argument against stem cell research is that it is morally wrong and unethical. To phrase it simply, a stem cell is an unspecialized cell that has the capability of turning into a cell with a specific job.1 They are different from other kinds of cells in the body for a few different reasons.3 All stem cells, regardless of what specific type are able to divide and renew themselves; they don’t originate specialized but can become specialized in different circumstances like when older cells are damaged.4 When a stem cell divides, it has the choice to become a more spe cialized cell like a brain cell, muscle cell among others, or to remain a stem cell.1 There are two different types of stem cells. One type is embryonic, and the other is adult stem cells. As one would assume, embryonic cells originate from embryos.3 Sperm and eggs are fertilized in a culture dish, where they eventually turn into an embryo.The four to five day old embryos are called blastocysts and did not begin development in a womb contrary to some beliefs.1 These blastocysts are created for reproductiveShow MoreRelatedStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1338 Words   |  6 Pages Stem Cells Stem cells are cells that are found throughout the human body. They reproduce over a long period of time without changing. Stem cells can produce specialized cells, such as brain, muscle or lung cells. Stem cells in the last few years have recently made a big debut because medical professionals have discovered so many unique qualities to stem cells. They are on the cutting edge of medicine because of all their uses and the qualities that make them so unique from any other cell in theRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1416 Words   |  6 PagesSTEM CELLS In this report, I mainly focused on Stem-Cells. You will read about Stem-Cells and its history from the moment this term was known. Also, you will know the Sources, properties, and the types of Stem-Cells. In addition, you will know some of the pros and cons researches about Stem-Cells. Stem-Cells are cells that have the ability to divide and multiply and renew itself. †¢ Sources of Stem-Cells: 1- The first source is Bone Marrow. 2- The second source isRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells941 Words   |  4 PagesStem cells have the extraordinary power to develop into several body cell types during early growth and development. (Stem Cell Basics). Stem cells are either embryonic: from a human fetus, or somatic: from an adult (Stem Cell Basics).These cells can be used to rebuild body tissue, treat diseases, and even cure others. They can be more effective in treatment of illness than the common treatment, such as therapy or medication. Stem cells are potentially more medically effective than traditional treatmentsRead MoreStem Cells And Stem Cell Research1310 Words   |  6 Pagesnonspecialized cells which have the potential to create other types of specific cells in order to survive? Those cells are called Stem Cells and they are very crucial to develop organisms. Stem cell research is a subject that most people in the world have a different viewpoint on. Some view the issue of stem cell research and ste m cell therapy as morally wrong and a crime against humanity, others view the study of stem cells as the next step in modern science (Reeve.) I think in some twisted way, stem cellRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1261 Words   |  6 Pagescure diseases. Now we have stem cell therapy. Stem cells promise future cures for many currently considered to be â€Å"incurable† diseases, but with more research, we can overcome the controversy surrounding this this topic and help people live longer, improve their quality of life, and save many many lives. To understand the big hype about stem cells, one must know what a stem cell is. Stem cells have specialized functions that have the potential to become any type of cell in the body. According toRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells999 Words   |  4 PagesSTEM CELLS WORKING TO SPECIALIZE INTO CARDIAC CELLS Once the stem cells are delivered near the damaged areas of the heart, the regeneration of cardiac (heart) cells is possible. There is a lack of understanding on how or why specifically the stem cells turn into heart cells. â€Å"Recent studies indicated that the benefits associated with adult stem cell injection might come from paracrine effects, the effect of a nearby cell sending chemical and electrical signals to the stem cell, and not from myocardialRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1416 Words   |  6 PagesDana Moua English IV 25 April 2016 Stem Cell Research What are stem cells? Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are found in multicellular organisms. The reason for scientist’s interest in stem cells is because of the possible applications of using them. These stem cells can be used to regrow organs/tissues. By using stem cells, scientists may be able to find cures for different cancers, certain genetic diseases, and different physical trauma damages. They can be used to treat a varietyRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1747 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 111-36 25 November 2014 Stem Cell Research Stem cell research has cultivated a new, miraculous study in the health field. The study has led to an increase in curing diseases over the past couple of decades. Before stem cell research, diseases were destroying and devastating lives continuously on end. With the use of stem cells in modern time, diseases are no longer taking control of lives. The innovation in biomedical technology, such as stem cell research, has greatly impacted the understandingRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1999 Words   |  8 Pagesregenerative medicine, commonly known as stem cell research. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells within the body that have the capability to specialize into any tissue. They are most commonly found in cord blood, bone marrow, organ donations, placenta, and embryos . Stem cells are seen by some as a new miracle treatment, encouraging many countries to invest in their research. The transfer of information, often shared through scientific reports and research, puts this topic in a highly internationalRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1271 Words   |  6 Pages! ! ! Stem Cells Research ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Jabaree Shipp English III NCVPS Mrs.Gallos 8, December 2014 ! ! ! ! ! ! Throughout most of our lifetime on Earth many have pondered the thought of how they and the things around them have been created. They wondered what makes grass grow to what makes themselves grow mentally and physically. Through extensive research and major advancements in technology over these years, decades, and centuries we still have no answer to our own questions. But, we do however

The Medical And Legal Fields About Assisted Suicide

Maggie O’Grady Theresa Mix Honors Comp. 1 10 November 2015 Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of a Means to an End There are a multitude of interpretations within both the medical and legal fields about assisted suicide. The benefits of assisted suicide for a terminally ill individual are notably momentous. However, the argument is not extricated from opposition concerned with the obligations of the medical community. It is paramount to have an even-handed perception of the issue and present each side but recognize that the rights of the individual in arbitrating the specific route of his or her death, specifically in lethal cases where physical agony is a vital concern. Additionally, having admittance to physician-assisted suicide grants†¦show more content†¦Every capable human being is granted the right of determining the fashion in which to live their life. This fundamental right should naturally be extended towards individuals deteriorating at the hands of their terminal conditions and allow them control over the timing and manner of death they wish to face. It is an essential human prerogative to have management over one’s personal welfare. As a matter of fact, it is crucial towards the means of sustaining and upholding our human rights; our rights to determine our own direction, state of being, and eventual fate. If autonomy is a highly valued principle, it is logical that patients should have the right to participate in all end-of-life decisions (Fraser 16). A democratic society that honors justice and liberty should acknowledge and permit divergent opinions and allow dying people a degree of freedom in when and how it comes to an end (Fraser 18). The lives of terminally ill patients are recurrently demoted to perpetual hospital visits and countless hours of treatments and surgeries. According to Oregon’s Department of Human Resources, 79% of persons who chose physician-assisted suicide did not wait until they were bedridden to take their lethal medication, thus providing further evidence that controlling the manner and time of death were important issues to these patients (Department). How to Die in Oregon is a documentary that examines real life reverberations

Diversity in the American Classrooms Free Essays

The classrooms of the schools in the United States of America, especially for the public ones, may be considered as a box of MM’s or Skittles, where each student is of different ethnic background and comes from a culture different from the rest. The flooding and diversity of cultures in the classrooms may be due to the fact that the American System of Education seeks to educate the most number of people and to provide Western thoughts and theories. In addition to this, the American System of Education has proven its economic value by giving its graduates the edge among the rest. We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity in the American Classrooms or any similar topic only for you Order Now The excellence exuded by the universities and schools and America can be seen by their continuous grip on the top 10 rankings among the universities of the world. Out of the 10 top universities of the world, six are from the United States. These universities are Harvard University (1), Yale University (2), Princeton University (6), University of Chicago (7), California Institute of Technology (7), and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (10) (â€Å"Top 400 Universities†). As said earlier, the economic value placed for the graduates of these universities is higher than the others and this would be a very strong advantage for the American System of Education. The fact that the best education could be found in the US paves the way for a higher quality in terms of human capital. The labor market of the American country is consequently filled with professionals coupled with the decent opportunities created by the economy. Thus, it can be said that the good education and sterling quality for the tertiary education can be a antecedent factor for a good pool of professionals for the firms. This becomes a factor in reducing the poverty rate for the country. The high demand for the American Education puts much pressure to pursue excellence. America is considered as the land of milk and honey by a lot of people (Soriano). In relation to this, the American dream matches the belief that America is the land of milk and honey. The American dream is the pursuit of material prosperity and where life is better and richer according to one’s ability (â€Å"What is the American Dream? †). This has led to the influx of migration to the US by families and the subsequent rise for cultural diversity. This cultural diversity provides a huge benefit for several reasons. First, the classroom diversity enhances the classroom experience for both the students and the teachers. Aside from the day-to-day topics that the teacher or professor discusses and the facts presented by the textbook, the diversity in the classroom serves the purpose of learning through experience. One could learn from the various beliefs, traditions, principles, customs, and languages that the other cultures have (Vortemizzi). In a way, it gives the students learn â€Å"extra things† without the stringent requirements of the educational setting. Their daily interaction with the other cultures and the high frequency of such would create a higher level of exposure for both cultures. Likewise, the teachers also learn to manage the differences in each classroom and learns how to deal with a diverse group of students to become fully aware of an international setting. Second, the diversity of the classrooms in the American Educational System prepares the students for the international arena. When one achieves to excel and think global, interaction and communication with other cultures is inevitable. The primary problem that is often encountered in international communication is with regard to how messages are perceived by the receiver and is sometimes different from what the sender means. According to Habeck et al. , â€Å"although the words are often the same, the meaning and unspoken assumptions can be very different, leading to misunderstanding and confusion† (86). However, with the exposure that the American classrooms bring to the students of different culture, the problem would be minimized especially if the atmosphere inside the school is accommodating to the various cultures. Likewise, the teachers and the school administrators would be able to prepare for a varied setting and to be able to compete with the dynamic ways of the education sector. This would mean that there would be more chances that the enrollment rate would be higher since leeway is given for the acceptance of other cultures. The recognition of teachers and administrators of the different cultures provides for â€Å"a comfortable learning situation in which to realize their educational goals and accomplishments† (Connors). Third, this kind of setting teaches the students to become aware of how flexibility, tolerance, respect, and acceptance is important for everyone. This is especially true for the case of young children in the pre-school where they are given the opportunities to be able to understand a different color than they have. This makes them prepared for further challenges and also equips them with the value of acceptance and understanding. With this, the friction is reduced especially when one would enter the workplace. The workplace is considered to be a rather dynamic setting where an international labor market is starting to emerge and the need to deal with different cultures is increasing. There is also the claim that with the acceptance and respect for the different cultures, social stability could be preserved and crime and poverty will be prevented (â€Å"Public Education in the United States†). Likewise, my personal experience with regard to interacting with different cultures and becoming aware that my culture is not the lone culture existing today has provided me with the chance to freely accept the whereabouts of a culturally diverse surrounding. This has also kept me more sensitive and aware of the other cultures and has helped me in the dealings and interactions I made with other people. For instance, my English class includes cultures of Asians, Middle East, Europeans, and Hispanic. I am able to adapt to this kind of setting for I am able to interact with them daily and understand their ways. With the foregoing discussion, it can be said that one benefit of the American system of education is its capability to accept various cultures and this provides benefits for both the students, the teachers, and the system itself. Works Cited Connors, Jeanne. â€Å"Cultural Diversity in the Classroom: Reaching out to Native American Students. † Setting the Stage: Opening with Influence. Aug. 1996. Habeck, Max, et al. After the Merger: Seven Rules for Successful Post-merger Integration. Great Britain: Prentice Hall, 2000. â€Å"Public Education in the United States. † Microsoft ® Student 2007 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2006. Soriano, Jaime N. The Land of Milk and Honey? 5 June 2005. Manila Times. 23 March 2008 [http://www. manilatimes. net/national/2005/jun/05/yehey/career/20050605car6. html]. â€Å"Top 400 Universities. † Quacquarelli Symonds. 23 March 2008 [http://www. topuniversities. com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/top_400_universities/]. Vortemizzi, Julius. Diversity in American Schools. 22 March 2007. Stanza Ltd. 23 March 2008 [http://www. quazen. com/News/Opinions/Diversity-in-American-Schools. 19095]. â€Å"What is the American Dream? † 19 December 2002. The Library of Congress. 23 March 2008 [http://lcweb2. loc. gov/learn/lessons/97/dream/thedream. html]. How to cite Diversity in the American Classrooms, Papers

Reaction Paper On Students Cheating Essay Example For Students

Reaction Paper On Students Cheating Essay While reading Generation What? Connecting with Todays Youth I found myself disagreeing with some of the points made by author Carol Tell. I am a mix between a Generation X-er and this new un-name generation. However, I did agree with a few ideas. I mostly definitely disagree with the statistics stating, 9 out of 10 teachers say that cheating is a problem. Here is my argument, if they knew effective teaching methods, we wouldnt cheat. To back this up, I have a great example. In high school, I chose to take Italian as my language, being that I am Italian and come from a background where a dialect is used on a daily basis. My teacher (who I had for Italian I, II and III) never taught the class well. She would yell at us constantly for not understanding what she was instructing. And then she would wonder why no one did well on exams. I do admit to making a cheat sheet for a few of her tests and quizzes, I did this after seeking help and tutoring from my parents. So, in rebut to this argument, I can clearly state that if a teacher wanted to feel that cheating wasnt a problem in the classroom, they would have to understand and meet the needs of their students. But, a point that I can understand is when Tell states that youth are less violent, take better care of themselvesetc. The only time one hears of a violent teen is in the rarely occurring school shootings, in which adults classify us as being violent. If society looked at our population as a whole, they would see that juvenile crime and teen pregnancy have both dropped and that teen drug use has declined. We are being judged for events caused by a small amount of the teen population. For instance, two teens rampage through a school killing 14 of their classmates, now the whole teen population is looked at as horrible people. Some, like I, just want to get through life without having a label stapled to their shirt. The bad seeds, if you will, are the ones that rain on our parade. Bibliography: .

Parental Divorce That Changed My Views About Life Social Work Essay Example

Parental Divorce That Changed My Views About Life Social Work Essay Parental divorce is a well-documented hazard factor for a assortment of psychological troubles across legion life spheres. For illustration, surveies have systematically found that young person from divorced households tend to exhibit higher degrees of anxiousness and depression and greater overall mental wellness demands than equals from integral households. These links between parental divorce and higher degrees of psychological maladjustment can be traced into maturity even after early childhood variables are taken into history. My Experience She sits with a pencil in her manus and a thoughtful look on her face. She shifts in her concatenation and a sudden freshness visible radiations up her profile as inspiration falls on her. Without trouble, she begins pigment her life. . . That is me, Hannah Michell. I have lived in Seoul all of my life, with the exclusion of the occasional vacation. And every bit nerve-racking as it is at times, I do nt believe that I would be rather the same individual if I had grown up elsewhere. To me, who I am and who I will go are really of import. Certain events act upon me to get down believing about my life, and although I have non yet genuinely figured out who I am, I think I know where I m headed. We will write a custom essay sample on Parental Divorce That Changed My Views About Life Social Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Parental Divorce That Changed My Views About Life Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Parental Divorce That Changed My Views About Life Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It s difficult when people ask me which state I like better: England or Korea. I ve lived my whole life in Korea being treated like a British individual, but in England, people ever acknowledge me as an Asiatic miss. Sometimes I want to give up being half of something ; for one time I want to be something whole. On the other manus, I could neer of all time give up being either British or Korean. There are alone facets of both civilizations that I greatly appreciate. Over clip, I have realized that I can, in fact, be both British and Korean without missing anything. Despite this consciousness and my love for these two states, I think when I m older I ll merely populate in a wholly different state such as Spain, so I can avoid taking between England and Korea. I live with my female parent, her best friend Sang-wha, and my female parent s pupil Woo-Joo. My female parent and male parent divorced a few old ages ago, and now I m populating with merely adult females. I frequently resent this agreement. I frequently reach out for a male figure, and although my male parent is about on weekends, it s non the same. My parents divorce had a great impact on me. I withdrew from the universe and lapsed into silence and periods of deep idea about such things as love, life, decease, and myself. These four thoughts all seemed to be connected, and I began to chew over more and more. I was lucky to hold a good friend who was traveling through the same experience as me. We had many conversations about great things, and easy I began to understand more about the life environing me. At this peculiar clip, I besides became really drawn to nature, for it seemed to keep many replies to my inquiries. After seting to household alterations, I began to concentrate on my instruction once more, which I had neglected. I received my simple instruction at Seoul British School, and I besides went off to get oning school in England for a twelvemonth. Now I attend Seoul Foreign School, and I must acknowledge that I enjoy school life here. Socially, there are divisions between the Korean pupils and the foreign pupils at school. We spend our trim clip individually because we lead such different lives, and it s easier to go friends with person who understands your civilization. I socialize with the foreign pupils because I am more comfy with their relaxed, unfastened attitude. They are so much more accepting of one s eccentricities, while the Korean pupils tend to be more traditional. Personally, I do nt believe I could easy go friends with the Korean pupils even if I tried. The lone thing that fusss me about these divisions, nevertheless, is the exclusion and sole attitudes among both groups. I believe in love and friendly relationship. I believe that they are of import, and that without them we would non last. My friendly relationships are of import to me and I would travel to great lengths to assist a friend in demand. My closest friends at the minute are Sooki, Kristin, and Julia. We portion large parts of our lives and have tonss of merriment together. The one friendly relationship that I value like no other is with my best friend Julia. She is witty lovingness, clever, and she says the right words of comfort at all the right times. Julia and I talk a batch about love. We frequently stay up all dark watching romantic films and discoursing them afterwards. We besides talk about our fellows and our hereafter programs. In the hereafter, I would wish to be a author. I am particularly interested in composing novels and poesy. For now, the most of import thing is my individuality. I need to cognize who I am before I can make out to others. It is difficult to acquire to cognize people when I do nt truly cognize myself. I hope one twenty-four hours I will wake up and all of a sudden recognize who I am so that I can get down to touch other peoples lives. Not merely can kids s psychological jobs be traced into maturity, but grownups who are confronted with their parents divorce are similarly vulnerable to psychological battles related to the divorce. That is, parental divorce after childhood ( i.e. , between ages 17 and 31 ) has been associated with higher unease tonss at age 33 when compared with tonss of grownups from integral households ( Furstenberg A ; Kiernan, 2005 ) . Thus, immature grownups seem non to be immune to psychological troubles merely because their parents divorce occurred after childhood. Laumann-Billings and Emery ( 2006 ) created a alone step of nonclinical degrees of psychological hurt ( i.e. , Painful Feelings about Divorce graduated table ) . They found that resilient immature grownups from divorced households endorsed psychological hurt points related to their parents divorce. These points assessed concepts such as on-going feelings of loss and forsaking, angst related to events such as graduation when both parents would be present, and a general sense that life has been harder because of the divorce ( Laumann-Billings A ; Emery, 2006 ) . Why do some kids seem comparatively unharmed by their parents divorce when other kids of divorce become entrenched in divorce-related battles? Most attempts to explicate this variableness have centered around five theoretical positions: the loss of the noncustodial parent, the accommodation of the tutelary parent, interparental struggle, economic adversity, and the cumulative consequence of nerve-racking life alterations. Consequences of a meta-analysis have revealed that the overall consequence size for each theory is little, proposing that these theories lack full explanatory power. One ground for this modest explanatory power might be that each theory focuses on a kid s exposure to specific stressors as the mechanism responsible for that kid s single psychological maladjustment. In contrast, get bying theory suggests that the effectivity or deficiency thereof of an on-going, organic procedure of assessment and header is related to psychological adjustment-not simply the exposure to specific events. More specifically, get bying theory assumes that people are purposive persons who actively seek to make and prolong significance in their lives ( Amato, Cheadle, 2005 ) . As people work to prolong the countries of life from which they derive significance, they appraise life events in footings of their relationship to these countries of significance. Life events become stressors when they are perceived as threatening, harmful, or disputing to an person s deepest, most important facets of life. In response to these stressors, people engage in get bying activities as they work to keep on to their important objects or transform these countries of significance in a manner that integrates the nerve-racking event into their orienting system or general manner of nearing the universe ( Amato, Cheadle, 2005 ) . Published research on get bying theory and parental divorce appears to be limited to a smattering of surveies. Additionally, they found that turning away ( negative ) get bying partly mediated the relationship between negative events and psychological symptoms and active ( positive ) get bying moderated the nexus between negative events and behavior jobs. Sandler, Tein, Metha, Wolchik, and Ayers ( 2006 ) found that similar links between active and avoidant header and psychological accommodation were mediated by get bying efficaciousness, which they defined as the kid s belief that he or she has some control over the state of affairs. Take together, these surveies suggested that get bying theory is outstanding for kids s experiences of parental divorce. It is non surprising that similarities exist among them as the household is the most basic unit in all societies and divorce shingles non merely the foundation of this societal karyon but has far-reaching impact on the remainder of society. The grounds most surveies stated were deficiency of communicating and mutual exclusiveness. Those who are unmarried will be afraid of doing the determination to get married if the tendency shows that matrimonies are neglecting. Children from broken places carry cicatrixs of insecurity that can impact their capacity to hold long term relationships ( Furstenberg A ; Kiernan, 2005 ) . Therefore, it is of import on the one manus to raise an consciousness among the young person on the accomplishments needed to hold permanent matrimonies, so that they do nt get down married life with high outlooks and a low sense of duty and on the other manus societal policies need to assist disassociate adult females and their kids to readapt their lives to normalcy and be accepted without any stigma in society. Family kineticss that increase the likeliness of subsequently divorce first act to increase the mental wellness jobs of dependent kids. Controling for these predivorce differences, the event of parental divorce is accompanied by higher degrees of kid anxiety/depression and, for kids populating in extremely dysfunctional households, lower degrees of kid antisocial behaviour ( Furstenberg A ; Kiernan, 2005 ) . A process-oriented attack to the effects of parental divorce on child mental wellness bases to progress well this field of cognition, by enabling research workers to spot more clearly how child mental wellness is unambiguously affected by kid and household features that precede and predict matrimonial disintegration, every bit good as effects that flow straight from the divorce event and emerging subsequent stressors. Help Restore Self-Confidence and Self-Esteem The fact that immature people have non to the full developed their header accomplishments is a perplexing factor in finishing grief work. The ego construct has several constituents, but two of import 1s are personal control and personal exposure. Children need to come to footings with life events to develop autonomy and a sense of command. If heartache is non resolved, kids are more susceptible to emphasize ( Furstenberg A ; Kiernan, 2005 ) . Counseling is indispensable to a disenfranchised, immature sorrowing individual. By being available, encouraging and beef uping bing relationships, and assisting to develop new 1s, the counsellor will help the sorrowing individual to restore a sense of ego. Counselors can promote pupils to acknowledge grieving as a ripening procedure for doing positive alterations so that they can emerge more cognizant, more sensitive, and more resilient ( Chen, George, 2005 ) . Rituals as Critical Tools Rituals are a powerful curative tool for deciding heartache. Ritual is a specific behaviour or activity that gives symbolic look to certain feelings and ideas of the histrion separately or as a group. Unfortunately, disenfranchised bereaved individuals are frequently denied the rites because the heartache is unrecognised ( Chen, George, 2005 ) . Nevertheless, an debut to ritual may function to link the kid to his feelings. It may be habitually repeated or a erstwhile experience. They can be utile in helping kids to accept the world of the loss, showing and working through feelings attendant to the loss, and the attach toing undertakings of sorrowing. The expressive humanistic disciplines and play therapies offer many schemes that could be incorporated into the counsellor s work with kids. Some suggested techniques to show heartache that have been found to be helpful include pulling, function playing, composing letters and verse forms, diary authorship, and other types of commemoratio ns. Decision Society is ever germinating and merely as assorted systems like the political organisations, economic establishments, etc are affected by alteration, so besides does the household have to maintain up with the new developments. The societal solidarity as Durkheim described is organic in modern societies where each section of society helps stabilise the other in crisis. Divorce, as we see it, is a structural job that has afflicted immature married twosomes ( in their mid-twentiess ) over a period of clip. Statisticss have besides shown that important proportions of young person do non go on beyond five old ages of matrimony. While, society has tried through formal and informal establishments to run into the demands of the household there is demand for more alteration. Media has a duty to portray matrimony in a more favourable visible radiation and demo how struggles can be resolved, alternatively of movies that depict opprobrious hubbies and demanding married womans. Problems are seen in the movies but solutions are seldom offered in these telecasting series. Thus, they give the viewing audiences the feeling that the issues can neer be resolved. Finally, the household has to play a stronger function in the socialisation of the kids. It is besides of import for parents to pass more clip with their kids to transfuse in them values and norms that will maintain them together in ulterior life. They have to larn communicating accomplishments and struggle declaration as these two accomplishments are the pillars that will halt the roof from fall ining in the matrimonial place. Children through early socialisation demand to be taught regard and cooperation with the other sex. Boys should non be favored in parental intervention, as it prepares these male childs to anticipate superior functions in big life. Different establishments in a society demand to work together to cut down the rate of divorce. School kids experience many losingss, among them are disfranchised heartache losingss. Students can non disregard their losingss ; they must be acknowledged, grieved, and resolved. Some losingss are easy resolved, others take drawn-out gri eving and a great trade of clip and work. Counselors, by going sensitive to these peculiar issues and by supplying services and implementing groups as a vehicle for mending, can help pupils in sing a healthy recovery procedure. Confronting loss and grieving are worlds of life. Helping pupils to admit and get by with these worlds is a necessary and hard undertaking. School counsellors can go a powerful force in assisting pupils to cover positively with their multiple losingss. Students must be made cognizant that where there is attachment there is loss, and where there is loss there is heartache, a normal and cosmopolitan experience, repeatedly encountered.

Cocoa trees in an African plantation Essay Example

Cocoa trees in an African plantation Essay Example Cocoa trees in an African plantation Essay Cocoa trees in an African plantation Essay If you want to feed the people of the third world eat chocolate. Discuss. Human use of the cocoa bean can be traced back to around 600 BC where it was used as part of an ingredient in a hot, liquid beverage consumed by the Mayans in Central America. Around 2 millennia later, in 1491 AD, Christopher Columbus introduced cocoa into Spain. Columbus had discovered these seemingly dull and un-important beans during his expeditions to the Americas where at this time cocoa was being drunk by the Aztecs, in much the same way as it had been by the Mayans. There was one difference though, chocolatl (meaning warm liquid) was a regal drink and very few people, mainly only the Emperor, ever had the chance to taste it; let alone the actual people who cultivated the bean. This situation appears to have remained the same for over 500 years, but just broadened to an international scale. In terms of the chocolate industry we are very much a global microcosm of the Aztec society. In England the average person will spend $98 per year on chocolate. 7 years ago the European chocolate industry was valued at $18,463 billion. Chocolate is a multinational industry and is sold everywhere in the world. However, chocolate has humble beginnings. Grown in many places from The Ivory Coast to Indonesia to Brazil, cocoa often starts its existence in poverty. Poor cocoa farmers in these countries grow acres of cocoa trees in plantations similar to the one in Figure 1. Cocoa farming does not depend on seasons, the countries that grow cocoa tend to have equatorial climates with evenly distributed annual rainfall. Fig. 1 Cocoa trees in an African plantation. So, with an all year round growing season it takes an expert eye to recognise by appearance which fruits are ripe. When these pods are identified they are removed one way or another dependant of their location on the cocoa tree. Machetes are now used to open each pod; a worker who is proficient with a machete can open up to 500 pods per hour. 20 to 50 cream coloured beans can now be removed from the pods; the husks and membranes are discarded. A dried bean from an average pod weighs around 50g. Around 400 of these beans are needed to make a pound of chocolate. This means that approximately 20kg of dried cocoa beans are needed to make 450g of chocolate (or one pound of chocolate). The beans are then usually piled into heaps in the sun and covered with leaves to ferment for 3 to 9 days, this removes the bitter taste from the cocoa. When the bean appears a rich brown colour they are ready to be dried. Drying varies from country to country depending on the weather they experience but the method tends to be simplistic and natural. When the beans are dry they are sacked (to the weight of anything from 55kg to 90kg) and stored in the shipping centres to await buyers. Presuming the cocoa is going to a chocolate producer the beans are shipped to the manufacturer and stored very carefully. If the beans come into contact with strong odours they tend to absorb an off-flavour. The beans are thoroughly cleaned as a precaution and then weighed. To develop the beans chocolate taste they are roasted in large rotary cylinders for varying amounts of time at around 140 degrees Celsius. The beans are quickly cooled and have their shells removed by a winnowing machine that passes the beans along serrated cones that crack the thin shell. The product is the nib which is about 53% cocoa butter. The nibs are now ground to create enough frictional heat in order to turn them into chocolate liquor, which is poured into moulds and allowed to solidify. Ingredients are added accordingly at this point depending on the desired chocolate end product. The mixture becomes dough like and is passed under rollers to make it into a thin paste ready for conching. Conchings function is to develop the flavour of the chocolate by mechanical kneading for hours or even days, this is often replaced or supplemented by the emulsification of the mixture to break up sugar crystals resulting in a smoother chocolate. When finished the chocolate is tempered with interval heating, then cooled and then reheated so it can be cast into the shape of the final product. The chocolate is packaged and then distributed. Two major chocolate manufacturers are Cadburys and Nestle, both of these companies have their names inserted into chocolate history; John Cadbury was the first person to produce solid eating chocolate through the development of fondant chocolate in 1842 and Henri Nestle created the first milk chocolate by adding milk in 1875. Both companies now dominate the chocolate industry internationally. Chocolate manufacture is widespread and there are countless numbers of companies: Lindt, Toblerone, Mars and Aeschbach Chocolatier to name but a few. These companies are all multinational, their various branches (such as supply, manufacture, marketing and distribution) are located throughout the world. Certain individual aspects of the MNCs, however, tend to follow certain inclinations; suppliers of cocoa are always found in equatorial less economically developed countries (LEDCs) such as Ghana and Cameroon, factories of the chocolate MNCs are usually located in more economically developed countries (MEDCs) or the nation of origin, eg. Britain and Switzerland. Fig. 3 A world map showing cocoa producing areas of the world The production of chocolate, as we know, starts with the harvest of beans in the countries that produce cocoa, these can be seen in Figure 3. I will be analysing three of these countries: Ghana (Central Africa), Brazil (South America) and Belize (Central America), two of which are in the top five cocoa producing nations of the world (Ghana is second and Brazil is fourth). All three of these countries are LEDCs, and they are all situated around the equator as seen on Figure 2. This means that they have an equatorial climate, these climatic conditions produce high temperatures throughout the year, usually with a temperature range of less than three degrees Celsius. Rainfall throughout the year is heavy, normally over 2000mm annually, and most equatorial countries have an intense, punctual and daily precipitation. Figure 4 is a climate graph of a typical equatorial country, we can see how conditions remain much the same throughout the year meaning that plants that can survive under these circumstances can grow all year round. Fig. 4 A typical climatic graph of an equatorial country. One of these plants is Theobroma cacao, seen in Figure 1, which is commonly known as a cocoa tree. This tree is native to Brazil yet it is now grown along the equator in many different countries. The conditions required for the cocoa tree are fairly demanding and the areas of cultivation lie only within 20 degrees latitude of the equator. Further still within this latitude a temperature range of 21-32 is required, rainfall is largely insignificant as long as the soil is capable of retaining moisture. So we can see from Figure 4 that equatorial countries provide ideal and all year round growing conditions for the cocoa tree. As mentioned earlier all three of these countries (and every other equatorial country) are LEDCs, or less developed in relation to other nations of the world. Figure 5 presents us with a table outlining the basic properties of Ghana, Brazil and Belize that give an indication of the level of development within them compared with an MEDC; the United States of America. Fig. 5 A table comparing equatorial LEDCs with an MEDC. We can see from Figure 5 that the division between LEDC and MEDC is fairly obvious (Particularly in the case of GNP), Ghana is the least developed out of our three equatorial countries. We have briefly analysed three cocoa producing countries, but what about chocolate producing countries? The United Kingdom is an MEDC, it is a major global producer of chocolate and also a main consumer. In the UK people have a comparatively high standard of living, the GNP per capita is $18,882 and a life expectancy of 77 years. The UK has been producing chocolate well over 100 years, Britain was the first country in the world to create and distribute solid eating chocolate and many modern chocolate MNCs, such as Mars, Cadburys and Nestle, have their headquarters or factories in the UK. The UK produces around 545,095 metric tonnes of chocolate per year, the individual UK chocolate market having been valued at around i 6 billion. As a nation the UK spends i 3. 9 billion per annum on chocolate confectionary. These figures give us an insight as to just how much of an important role Britain plays in the chocolate industry. We are now familiar with the equatorial LEDCs climatic conditions, which are (excepting Hawaii) the only environmental circumstances that support the cultivation of the cocoa tree. We also know about the level of chocolate consumption and production that currently exists globally. So rationality would infer that these equatorial countries effectively dominating the cocoa market should be rolling in it. Yet we also know that these countries remain LEDCs, some stricken with poverty and disease. At this point reason intervenes and we must realise that somewhere someone or something is cheating these small-scale cocoa producers. Cocoa production is an unsophisticated, un-mechanised and primitive industry, it is labour- intensive so cacao plantation owners normally employ workers when they are harvesting. Cocoa growers are not always poverty-stricken, some are extremely wealthy if they own enough plantations, but the people who work on the cocoa are plantations are invariably poor. Figure 6 is a house in Accra, the capital of Ghana, this represents the sort of living conditions that Ghanaian cocoa workers have. Behind that house is a Ghanaian luxury villa, of the sort that our rich, cacao plantation owners would inhabit. Fig. 6 Juxtaposing living conditions in Accra, Ghana. Plantation owners affect their workers quality of existence directly by how much they pay them, whether they themselves are rich or poor. In the equatorial LEDCs of study there is no minimum wage for workers; they are paid as little or as much as employers deem necessary, but there is also no minimum price for cocoa. Cocoa is a freely traded global commodity and its price is determined by the current supply and demand, previous attempts at establishing a minimum price for cocoa via the International Cocoa Agreements and the World Bank have failed and there were inter-governmental agreements to liberalise the market. This means that like the wages of plantation workers, cocoa prices can be as high or as low as buyers want them. This is a problem for both small and large plantation owners; some plantations are small family run businesses that do not employ workers so the price of cocoa can be directly detrimental or beneficial to them. In Ghana, for instance, the majority of cocoa sales goes through the district government which purchase the cocoa from growers and then sell it to manufacturers. These government organisations cheat the cocoa growers by altering the scales and paying a lower price for the cocoa in order to make a larger profit. The chocolate MNCs play a massive part in determining the lives of all the previously mentioned people. The cocoa growers depend on their demand for the bean; if the MNCs reduce their demand or turn to suppliers with lower prices then these people can lose their ability to earn money and even their homes. I will return to the MNCs later but we first have to acknowledge that cocoa growers standard of living is not always determined by factors under human control. El Nio is a disruption of the oceanic-atmospheric system in the tropical Pacific that can have detrimental consequences both locally and globally. El Nii o is the abnormal warming of these oceanic waters, which is on part of a see-saw process called the Southern Oscillation. This is the reversing surface air pressure between the eastern and western tropical Pacific, the opposite phenomenon is called La Nii o but is not a damaging to the weather as El Nii o. El Nii o causes irregular weather patterns across the world, it disrupts water temperatures, changes temperatures and can bring heavy rain or drought.

Business Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Decision Making - Essay Example In principle, theory X is based on the view of workers as essentially lazy. The theory supports the notion that workers will seek all opportunities to avoid work or responsibility. The objective of any worker, according to this theory, is the obtaining of money that comes from his duties. This theory advocates for the use of threats and coercion in forcing the element of motivation within the workers. Motivation, in line with this theory is a consequence of fear arising out of the threat and coercion (Ramlall, 2004). On the other hand, theory Y bases its tenets on the view of humans as naturally progressive. The theory contends that humans will seek excellence, responsibility, and self-actualization if given the opportunity. The level of competence of any worker is dependent on the kind of incentives and the conducive nature of environment that supports the spirit of industriousness and enterprise. This theory holds the view that motivation will arise from the sum of incentives that aim at developing the skills and commitment of the worker in line with the specific duties in which he engages. This theory promotes a closer cooperation between the workers and management in ways that eliminate friction and misunderstanding between the two categories. It also includes aspects of human resource development through such processes as training and the engagement in certain activities as rewards and promotion to spur the interest of the workers towards the pursuit of excellence. The Goal Setting theory of motivation developed by Edwin Locke in the 1960s is another key theory that attracts the interest of management scholars in many fields of business and management (Simone & Patricia, 2008). According to this theory, the aspect of motivation is driven by the pursuit of some specific goals. The worker will often engage his skills, effort, and energy to levels that are consistent with the nature of the goal. The theory proposes that the goals have to be clear and precise in order to engage the interest and motivation of the worker. Vague and ambiguous goals, according to this theory, will not achieve the aspect of motivation that is necessary for the pursuit of the desired ends of a given process. This theory also opposes the setting of easy goals will diminish the efforts of the worker as they can be achieved without the input of much effort (Simone & Patricia, 2008). The goal-setting theory is usually dependent on the aspect of human character. According to the proponents of the theory, human beings love challenges and would seek opportunities of self-actualization and a sense of accomplishment through the pursuit of challenges as defined in specific goals. Achieving a given goal often results in feelings of confidence in the worker while failure to achieve the goals may result in feelings of inadequacy leading to effort increment or change of strategy. In essence, this theory promotes the actualization of the latent potentials in individuals by s ubjecting them to challenges that expose their inner strengths and hidden capabilities. Humans, according to this theory will often adjust their levels of commitment and effort in line with the nature of challenges placed before them. Self-Determination theory of motivation relates to the psychological impetus in human beings to seek ways

Chinese Culture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Chinese Culture - Term Paper Example Anthropological studies provide information, which explain cultural diversity that people experience across the world. Historical facts project various dimensions in human culture. Historians use cultural dimensions such as language, social structure, religion, beliefs, and relation to the environment among other dimensions to acknowledge diversity in humanity. Each geographical location in the world has people who are distinguished using their cultural identity. Chinese culture provides historical information about the Chinese people, their beliefs, and their attitude towards other people, social economic practices, and education among other factors. This paper is analysis of Chinese culture in relation to socio economic practices, language, education, belief, government, environment, topology, and historical facts about their cultural heritage. Language Historians believe that language is one aspect of culture, which distinguishes various communities from each other. Historians bel ieve that Chinese language has varieties, which have some close relation. The language family of Chinese is Sino-Tebetan (Pletcher, 68). Each group of Chinese language has its own dialect or sub-dialect. These dialects are less or more mutually intelligible. Chinese population, which stands at about 1.2 billion, speaks one these dialects. In China, Chinese is formal language, which they use in both public and domestic places. Sign communication and media communication in China uses Chinese language. It is arguable visitors coming China need to learn Chinese or use interpreters to help them in their communication. Clothes Chinese culture ranks clothing among other primary necessities in life. China a renowned history of garment making in which Chinese exchanged their garments in trade. Chinese garments in the ancient time had ornate details, refined artisanship, and bright colors. Clothes in Chinese culture changed with different dynasties. However, 20 century has observable changes in garments. Some styles portrayed on Chinese garment include Cheongsam, Qipao, western suits, silk stocking, hat, high heels, jackets, bell-bottom, bikinis, miniskirt, and bell-bottom among other fashion trends in the 20 century (Chen 111). Analysts believe that China decided to respond positively to the fashion trends in 1978 by embracing some western practices (Choi 89). During the ancient age, Chinese people devoted, various clothing to people according to the color of the skin. For instance, ordinary people wore costume and long hat when offering sacrifices to ancestors or gods. Another notable aspect of Chinese clothing culture is that ethnic minority wore clothing, which was colorful, flowery, and highly distinctive. Chinese people associate red color to good fortune. Red color characterizes wedding clothes for the Chinese people. It is notable that Chinese in the north wear qipao, and southern Chinese wear Kwa for their weddings. Dominance hierarchy Gender dominance is relev ant in Chinese culture. Men gender dominated over women in the Chinese culture. The culture views a woman a subordinate who is subject to his father during the youthful stages, to her husband upon reaching maturity, and to her son at old age (Palmer 44). Dominance by the male gender in the Chinese culture influences the activities of women. Women should not roam freely as men. Largely, their duty is to stay inside the house performing house chores. Cultural responsibility for women gave them the authority to govern their homes, whereas men guarded the outer world. In ancient time, women never had dominant role in the family. Historic information about hierarchy in ancient time in China indicates that social stigmatization characterized life of the Chinese people (Chen 138). For instance, women

Define Leader and Leadership and explain why managers should be Essay

Define Leader and Leadership and explain why managers should be leaders - Essay Example Leaders are the actual players behind leadership and all the activities and operations that come with it. A leader is a visionary, strategic, goal-oriented, and value-driven individual who sets the pace for his or her followers and goes a step further to guide them through that pace. Naturally, leaders avoid conflicts while executing their mandate, or effectively manage and control disputes or conflicts whenever they arise (Kuckartz, 2010). It is important for managers to be leaders. This is because management and leadership are fundamentally intertwined. The administrative duties and responsibilities of a manager are more effective and efficient when leadership principles are incorporated in management. In this respect, managers ought to practice their authority within transactional and transformational aspects (Armstrong, 2011). In so doing, they manage the organization and lead their followers at the same

A standard costing and variance analysis

A standard costing and variance analysis Study suggests that many companies use standard accounting to determine costs and for measuring performance. However, there has always been speculation on standard costing being the most effective measurement. The actual cost usually differs from the standard costs, which is based on calculations and assumptions. Standard accounting takes into account various factors like price, specifications, quantity and quality of the material. The estimations involved in analyzing and setting standard costs involve the efficiency of the management. If a difference between the actual cost and the standard cost is observed, an investigation is required since it suggests the inefficiency in the calculation of estimates. Relevance of Standard Costing and Variance Analysis The standard costs are calculated according to the following flowchart and the variance is monitored and recalculated at every interval to reduce cost variance. Definition of standard cost: a pre-determined cost calculated in relation to a prescribed set of working conditions, correlating technical specifications and scientific measurements of material and labor to the price and wage rates expected to apply during the period to which the standard cost is intended to relate, with the addition of an appropriate share of budgeted overhead (CIMA [ICMA] definition) The standard costs are to be set by the management after a set of calculations. These calculations can either be based on historical records or on engineering studies. Depending on the type of company and volatility in costs, a great deal of care is to be taken into setting standards. Standard costing is usually applied in conjunction with other costing methods (or variance analysis): Absorption and marginal costing Job and process costing Budgeting and budgetary control Advantages of Standard Costing The costing standards are helpful in establishment of prices, budgets and production schedules. The employees are motivated to maintain efficiency to reduce errors in achieving a target. Management by exception is allowed to be practiced by variances. Record keeping and stock evaluation are harmonized and simplified due to a standard set of costing used across the system. Responsibility is defined with the help of variance analysis. The technical analysis necessary to set standards will result in better methods, greater efficiency and in cutting costs. The standards provide essential control information which help in comparing the actual costs to the standards. Disadvantages of Standard Costing Firstly standard costing will not be very efficient for companies that use a lean system. In lean production, the volumes produced are lowered and the inventories re consumed only after the determining amounts of the quantity demanded. Secondly, there might be changes in the working practices, the prices and volumes of the raw materials, which reduce the standards and are misleading and inappropriate. Many costs are incurred in maintain and calculating the standard costing systems. Over assumptions of costs in an urge to make the standard costs favorable may lead to high cost variances. This may also lead to non-productive work like measuring and completing forms. Standard costing is overly focused on statistical data and thus there might be a conflicting boundary between the standard cost and estimated cost. For example the overheads may require running at full efficiency even though the excess production is not required. Standard costing maybe applicable in larger firms with high production lines and bigger resources, but for smaller firms, the basic thumb rule methods are more appropriate for use in control. Alternative methods Activity Based Costing In this method, the costs are recognized due to the cause and effect relationship between the activities and costs that drive the company costs. This method can theoretically be used in any industry due to its flexibility in determining costs at different levels. ABC, just like the other traditional costing systems, it often results in recognizing indirect costs on easily identifiable figures such as direct labor hours. It often results in inaccuracy in assigning the costs to its relevant activity. However, this method is used effectively in complex companies where certain costs are not easy to record and evaluate. It is used in companies which are not completely service based. Balanced score card The balanced score card is used as a performance measure and for strategic planning in major organizations. It was invented by Dr. Kaplan and David Norton that analyzed measurements in a combination of traditional and strategic method to give a more balanced view to the management. The balanced scored had four main perspectives: Learning and growth perspective The scorecard considers learning as one of the most important perspectives in the case of employees and at an organizational level. Funds can be adequately allotted by managers to ensure the training needs of a worker since the developing industry requires a continuous improvement in the skill level. Business process perspective In this perspective, metrics are used to allow the managers to understand the importance of their internal business and whether the products and services are capable of satisfying the customers needs. The metrics for a business process are best when designed by a highly experienced internal manager. Customer perspective The constant increase in the market trend from a customers perspective has increased companies to use metrics to define customer satisfaction levels. If the quality of the products and services reduce, the customer satisfaction would drop and thus he would switch to a more competitive company. Hence, frequent measures such as the scorecard and customer feedbacks have to be used to understand the customers requirements. Financial perspective A company needs to constantly calculate its financial data and create a capacity to fund the current projects. The accuracy involved in this data will help the managers create a planned and organized expenditure. Data such as the risk assessment and cost-benefit data has to be identified in this perspective. The standard costing requires accuracy in calculating this data since any errors could cause a large cost variance and affect direct labor and direct material cost. Target costing Target costing is a cost management tool for reducing the overall product cost in a production life cycle. This approach is most commonly used in Japanese companies along with Six Sigma, Kaizen and various other approaches. Unlike traditional methods, target costing takes a very proactive approach to pricing. It analyzes the costing information of the product and suggests the best possible price upfront. This saves the wastage in time and costs involved in re-engineering and design. In particular, target costing concentrates on phase wise reduction of costs in a product life cycle. The decisions involve a large team a multi-level team of staff from production, engineering, etc. to determine the acceptable market price. Just-in-time method The JIT method is one of the lean methods used in the new production systems. It is very efficient in supply chains and production units in determining the quantity of products to be produced depending on the customer requirements. However, JIT method also results in a few disadvantages such as purchasing inventory that is not required immediately. Due to the stock up of inventory, there are chances of the goods being damaged or lost. Also, the more assets a company is holding, the higher premium it has to pay. Thus having excessive assets is not an efficient option. Assets include both cash and inventory, but cash is more flexible and helps in precluding loans which means lesser liabilities for the organization. When the demand increases, the orders would have to be rushed and thus greater staffing working in overtime is required. This would lead to an increase in the direct labor costs and also would reduce employee satisfaction. The company would also have to manage the orders in a short period of time which create a lot of trouble for the middle level management. This change in costs further affects the standard costing of a company. Total Quality Management Total quality management involves the continuous improvement of products and services while also involving the managers and employees in a quality management approach. TQM is aimed at increasing the quality while reducing the wastage in production of goods. Some of the popular companies involved in the adaptation of TQM include Toyota motor company, Ford motor company, Phillips semiconductor and SGL carbon. TQM involves the continuous improvement of a process, and thus improving the future results of a process. It contains a combination of quality management tools which helps in increasing the quality at pace with the improving market standards. Kaizen methods Kaizen in Japanese stands for improvement in simple terms. When the word is split, kai means change and zen means good. The most important aspect of a kaizen method is to standardize your process. Most of the companies that follow the kaizen method use a PDCA life cycle. One of the leading motor companies using this method efficiently is Toyota motors. Toyota has extensively implemented the continuous improvement strategy in its lifecycle. The basic steps of the kaizen method involve the Plan-Do-Check-Act life cycle. As the title suggests, the first step of the process involves planning the costs and estimating the costs accurately. The next step involves measuring and implementing the costs and the effectiveness using various measuring techniques. The third phase involves checking whether the standards are optimal and efficient and if not act accordingly towards continuous improvement. After achieving the new results, these are set as the new standards and thus create accuracy. The cycle repeats itself continuously improving the process. Pricing decisions in service sectors Most healthcare organizations do not realize the benefits of standard costing in an organization and thus result in high cost variances. The application of standard costing systems used in such organizations can help in realizing the losses in unrecovered overhead on time and hence take corrective action. In todays world, customers in the service sector demand the prices to be lowered and a better cost information system. The most effective way to deal with this is to use standard costing and variance analysis. Full costs per unit should be measured in advance of providing a service. The variable costs can thus be easily estimated since the facilities in the service sector directly use the pricing process.

Yersinia pestis †Infection, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Essay

Yersinia pestis – Gerneal Infection, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Yersinia pestis, the culprit behind the infamous Black Death, spread by rat fleas, has cast a shadow over human civilization, taken the lives of countless peasants and nobles alike like a violent brute who murders invariably. There are three major forms of infection stages, the bubonic plague, the septicemic plague, and the pneumonic plague (primary and secondary), all are lethal if not treated with proper antibiotics. Due to similar symptoms, clinical diagnosis, the distinction between a common cold and a lethal infection is made difficult. However, though a potent murderer, Yersinia pestis can be easily eliminated by antibiotic treatment; survivors of the disease may be scarred. The plague has always been a shadow overcastting the dawn of mankind; it had hid in the darkness, where the rodents roam and the poor dwell; it had unleashed its terror upon, claiming the souls of nobles and peasants alike. There are a total of five major plague outbreaks, including the infamous Black Death of medieval Europe, which wiped away half of its population. Yersinia pestis, the culprit behind the Black Death, are Gram-negative bacteria that are septicemic and extremely infectious. Though humans are highly susceptible to the microorganism, its main hosts are rodent species such as rats and squirrels, and are only transmitted onto humans when infectious fleas regurgitates animal blood while feeding on us. Yersinia pestis infection comes in three forms: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic; the pneumonic plague is the deadliest. The rodent epidemic is transmitted unto humans when Y. pestis â€Å"are transmitted by fleabite, enters the lymphatic [system] 2 and migrate to the re... ...6. Microorganisms and Bioterrorism. Ed. Anderson, Burt, Friedman, Herman, and Maaro Bendinelli. Springer: 2006. Kopp, Elizabeth, and Medzhitov, Ruslan. â€Å"A Plague on Host Defense.† The Journal of Experimental Medicine. . â€Å"Plague Fact Sheet.† Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services. 30 March, 2005. 26 July, 2006. . â€Å"Plague Prevention and Control.† Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services. 30 March, 2005. 26 July, 2006. . VeriMed Healthcare Network. â€Å"Plague.† Medline Plus. 17 June, 2005. 26 July, 2006. .